The unitary patent and the unified patent court

Goal of the unitary concept and creation of the Unitary Patent System

Under the European Patent Convention (EPC), European Patents (EP) are filed, examined and granted by the European Patent Office (EPO) in a centralised procedure for 39 EPC contracting states. These include all 27 European Union (EU) states and additional 12 non-EU countries, shown in red in the map below:

Upon the grant of an EP patent, the patent holder however needs to choose in which of the 39 EPC countries the patent is to be maintained. In our current “classic” validation process, national official fees and agent fees need to be paid, and translations of the granted claims or of the entire patent specification need to be provided for many countries where protection is sought. For example, classic validation of an EP patent in all 39 EPC states requires 14 claim set translations and 12 full translations, while classic validation in all 27 EU states requires 9 claim set translations and 11 full translations. Hence, the EPC route includes a burdensome and costly classic validation stage shortly after grant:

In addition, yearly renewal fees need to be paid for each of the chosen countries, and considering that the renewal fees in all of the EPC contracting states are set to progressively increase with the age of the patent, maintaining an EP patent throughout the EPC or the EU territories is an expensive endeavour (the graphs below represent a snapshot based on official renewal fees and currency exchange rates of June 2022):

Finally, infringement and validity of EP patents classically validated is litigated before national courts of the EPC states. This necessitates the initiation of parallel court proceedings in several countries when infringement of a patent is to be stopped or a patent is to be revoked in a meaningful portion of Europe’s territory. The cost of assembling and coordinating multinational legal teams in the context of parallel multilingual proceedings is substantial, and the risk of inconsistent judgments rendered by the various courts is real.

Against this backdrop, and desiring to establish a more uniform and cost-efficient patent system in Europe, 25 of the 27 EU countries[1] have initiated enhanced cooperation to bring about the Unitary Patent system, in order to provide for a European Patent with unitary effect (Unitary Patent) across their territories. The key characteristic of the Unitary Patent is that it affords uniform patent protection throughout the territory of the participating Member States for which the unitary effect has been registered. The Unitary Patent only requires a single translation of the patent (during a transitional period of 6 years) and a single yearly renewal fee to be paid. All post-grant administration, including the registration of the unitary effect and the payment of the renewal fee, is handled centrally by the EPO.
[1] Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden. Romania has joined the Unitary Patent system with effect from September 1, 2024.

Participating Member States

While 25 EU countries have participated in the enhanced cooperation, the availability of a unitary designation for a given country is conditional on that country’s signature and ratification of the Unified Patent Court Agreement (UPCA), which establishes the Unified Patent Court (UPC). Currently, only 18 EU countries[2] have ratified the UPCA, and therefore the Unitary Patent is only available for these 18 countries. The UPCA entered into force on June 1st, 2023. The number of participating EU countries is expected to grow in the coming years, although Spain, Croatia and Poland are already known to remain outside of the system in the foreseeable future.
[2] Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia and Sweden. Romania has ratified the UPCA on May 31, 2024, and has joined the Unitary Patent system with effect from September 1, 2024. 

Accordingly, at the start of the operation of the UPC system on June 1st, 2023 the ‘UPC space’ looks as follows:

Still, with the heavy weights of Germany, France and Italy among the participants from day one, the 18-strong ‘UP space’ accounts, respectively, for almost 70% and 80% of the EU’s population and gross domestic product (GDP), and for almost 50% and 60% of the population and GDP of all 39 EPC countries combined. This can increase even further once the remaining UPCA signatories ratify the agreement. Accordingly, the territorial impact and economic value of a Unitary patent will be considerable.

Start of the Unitary Patent System

The UPCA entered into force on June 1st, 2023, with the Court opening its doors and starting to receive cases as from that date.

Requesting an EU Unitary Patent will be easy

The registration of unitary effect for a granted EP patent in the 18 [3] participating Member States is handled by the EPO upon the patent holder’s written request (using EPO’s Form UP 7000). The request must be filed no later than one month after the date of publication of the mention of the grant in the European Patent Bulletin. To be eligible for registration as a Unitary Patent, the European patent must have been granted with the same set of claims in respect of all the 25 participating Member States.
[3] Romania has ratified the UPCA on May 31, 2024, and has joined the Unitary Patent system with effect from September 1, 2024. 

Separate validations of course remain necessary for countries not covered by the unitary effect. This includes those participating Member States that have signed but not yet ratified the UPC agreement on the date of registration of the unitary effect for the EP patent.  This further includes those EU states which have not participated in the enhanced cooperation (ES, HR) or have not signed the UPCA (PL). And finally, this includes all non-EU EPC states.

Language regime

Eventually, no translations of the EP patent will be required to allow the registration of unitary effect. However, during a transitional period of six years (which may be extended up to a maximum of 12 years), the patent proprietor still needs to file one full translation of the European patent specification, namely: into English if the language of the proceedings before the EPO was French or German, or, into any other official language of an EU Member State if the language of the proceedings was English. The translation must be filed together with the request for unitary effect. It is for information only and has no legal effect.

Choice of UP remains optional

Importantly, the choice for a Unitary Patent is entirely optional, and patent holders may instead use the existing system of classic validations in the individual EPC states. Moreover, as said above, such classic validation remains necessary for any EU countries not participating in the Unitary Patent system and for all non-EU EPC states. It is however not possible to request the unitary effect and also classically validate an EP patent in a country covered by the unitary effect, nor to retroactively convert granted European patents having been classically validated in the participating EU countries into a Unitary Patent or vice versa.

Costs for a Unitary Patent will be lower

The pre-grant costs for filing, prosecuting and maintaining a European patent application at the EPO continue to apply. On the other hand, the Unitary Patent system aims to significantly reduce the post-grant costs for maintaining patent protection in the states covered by the system, compared to the existing situation of individual validations and per-country renewal fees. Hence, there is no official fee for filing a request for unitary effect (only a formality fee). As mentioned above, only a single translation of the patent specification is necessary, and in situations where the patentee already has an EU-language translation of the patent, this can lead to no additional cost. Importantly, the Unitary Patent can be maintained by the payment of a single annual renewal fee directly to the EPO. This is highly beneficial for patent proprietors as they no longer need to pay national renewal fees to multiple patent offices applying different legal requirements - in particular concerning rates, time periods, payment methods and representation. A 15% reduction in renewal fees is available to patent proprietors who file a statement on a licence of right with the EPO.

The UP renewal fees have been set to approximate the sum of renewal fees in about 4 individual states, and are as follows:

And represented graphically:

Hence, the renewal fee scale is progressive, from 35 EUR (year 2) to 4,855 EUR (year 20). The cumulative amount of the renewal fees over the entire 20 years is 35,555 EUR. First 50% of patent term (years 1-10) accounts for only about 13% of the overall cost (4,685 EUR), and first 75% of patent term (years 1-15) for only about 43% of the overall cost (15,310 EUR). The UP renewal cost per unit of GDP is approximately comparable to the EP renewal cost in Germany, France and Italy, and considerably lower than the EP renewal cost in the smaller EU countries.

When comparing the renewal fees between UP and some common selections of individual EP validations, UP renewal fees are for example comparable to the sum of renewal fees for individual validations in Germany, France, and the Benelux:

A comparison of the overall costs of a Unitary Patent with those of a classic European patent should consider not only the renewal fees but also further costs associated with the validation and maintenance of a classic European patent. These costs can be considerable and typically include translation costs incurred for validations and the publication fees payable to the various national patent offices, as well as the attorney and formality fees associated with validation and the payment of national renewal fees.
Based on such a comparison of the overall costs, a Unitary Patent are less expensive than a European patent validated and maintained in four or more of the Member States participating in the Unitary Patent system. Consequently, the more ‘UP space’ countries a classic European patent would have been validated in, the more cost-effective a Unitary Patent will be.

Availability of one register

The EPO also provides a new Register for Unitary Patent Protection that includes legal status information relating to Unitary Patents, e.g. on licensing, transfer, limitation, revocation and lapse. Transfers and licences can be registered centrally at the EPO under a single legal regime, instead of through multiple parallel registrations in national patent registers on a country-by-country basis.

Considerations that might influence your decision to go for a UP protection and/or UPC litigation

The best route for each of your patents should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, your decisions should be governed by your individual patent strategy. A revision of your patent portfolio may be needed: for instance, the value of your current and future products will need to be evaluated, the possibilities of third party-attacks should be studied, co-ownership agreements and licensing agreements will need to be checked, budgets should be planned.

While the analysis will always be case-specific, certain advantages and disadvantages that may influence your decision can be envisaged.

Pros 

• Cost advantage
  • For parties interested in Europe-wide validation
  • For litigation (compared to multiple national litigations)
• Simplified administration
• Specialised judges
• Speed of judicial decisions
• May have an influence on a point of law that is currently unfavorable in national courts around Europe
• Reduced cross-border issues
• English will be available in most divisions – also BE

Cons

• Not possible to downsize patent territory after decision to pursue a Unitary Patent
• Risk of one negative decision for all countries
• New court - uncertainty about the quality of decision in early phase
• Central revocation action in the ‘UP space’ possible even after EPO opposition period has expired

The above explanations are for information purposes only and must not be taken as a definitive statement of the law or practice. Please also check out our general guidance under the separate tab here or send an email to info@dcp-ip.com.